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1 Center for Clinical Pharmacology, 3 Department of Medicine, and 4 Department of Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213; and 2 Clinic for Endocrinology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
A number of cellular and biochemical processes are involved in the pathophysiology of glomerular and vascular remodeling, leading to renal and vascular disorders, respectively. Although estradiol protects the renal and cardiovascular systems, the mechanisms involved remain unclear. In this review we provide a discussion of the cellular, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms by which estradiol may exert protective effects on the kidneys and vascular wall. In this regard, we consider the possible role of genomic vs. nongenomic mechanisms and estrogen receptor-dependent vs. estrogen receptor-independent mechanisms in mediating the protective effects of estradiol on the renal and cardiovascular systems.
estradiol; metabolism; methoxyestradiol; hyperplasia; growth factors; antimitogenic; menopause; smooth muscle cells; mesangial cells; endothelial cells
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